Forensic Accountant Essays

Forensic Accountant Essays Forensic Accountant Essay Forensic Accountant Essay Abstract Forensic accountant have the important task of analyzing, investigating and determine and discrepancies with any form of financial report, earning, fraud and hinting asset. To perform such task the individual much be accurate, patience and have a love for number, also helping people to dispute, recover and discovery any financial wrongdoing. The top five important and essential skills a forensic accountant would need to be successful in their line of work are knowledge of money, have a clear understand about the different laws and rules and regulations, be familiar with criminal nature, he proper schooling and training, and finally having auditing and organizing skills. These skills will allow for a forensic accountant to work efficiently, in this field working with money and numbers is the main emphasis in the form of analyzing and investigating financial statements and reports for signs of irregularities. Many attorneys has requested to assist in a case, such as divorces, economic damages, lost profits, business disturbance claims and business valuations. Within many cases they are asked to take the stand to help resolve issue stemming from civil dispute, analyze loans toa business interruption claims. Having knowledge of how the rule and regulations affect the legal system can prepare and assist with the court process and procedure. Schooling and training are two very important necessities to insure that the work can be done properly and accurately. Ideally, a forensic accountant should have passed the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) exam and met the corresponding ethical and licensure requirements; they are other certification that someone can obtain such as the Certified Fraud Examiner (CFE), Certified Insolvent and Restructuring Advisor (CIRA) outside getting the required Bachelor degree getting a Masters can enhance their chance of employment. : Having auditing skill will give the knowledge in collecting and analyzing, preparing, inspecting and review details for report, also examining and evaluating fraud, regulations, and financial information. I believe having auditing abilities is very important because that is the bulk of the work and requires you to work with numbers and money. All of these skills and more will help with successfully completing each and every assignment accurately whether its dealing with while collar or financial crimes. Being in the courtroom is very important ot only to the accountant but to the attorney as well, their task is to assist the attorney by identifying and providing needed information and helping the attorney to prepare for testimony, by reviewing various of documents and presenting truthful information to the court, though the advisers thoughts and opinions the attorneys can apply it to their legal strategy. Information and damages are submitted to an attorney in an effort to gain evidence before a case is presented to the court, the use of a forensic accounting can be used in both federal and civil court systems in favor f either the defendant or the prosecution with an unbiased opinion. Having strong knowledge of the court system and understanding the strategies that attorney can prepare the individual to take the stand and staying calm, answering any and all question clearly this will enable then to have a successful outcome. The role of the forensic accountant will vary from case to case, but the experience and expertise they bring to the attorney will help to put together or defend a case. Once a candidate has been identified, credentials have been satisfactorily and the nature of the ngagement has been described and agreed-upon, a confidentiality agreement should be agree upon as well as determining the fees and estimated duration of the job. Forensic Accountants assignment can last for extensive periods of time, depending on the depth and scope of the case. Furthermore, it is important that the Forensic Accountant have no personal or economic ties to the subject of the investigation. The role of a forensic accountant is to provide experience auditors, accountants, and investigators of legal and financial skills to a business operation. Their Job may ary and consist of looking into suspicions of fraudulent activity within a company or documents, to prevent fraudulent activities from occurring, damages, insurance claims and several other things. Once they are hired to provide these services it much be done accurately, timely, organize and truthful matter. Their work performed and reported can often provide answers to the how, where, what, why and who. Providing false information can lead to legal matter and or dismissal from employment. Also the company need and require truthful and accurate information for future and further investigation or legal action. Going through the process to select the right forensic accountant for the task at hand does not guarantee success, but doing so can increases the likelihood that the right person or firm will be matched to the Job at hand. Forensic accountant thou having experience in the court system they have also use their skill in convicting numerous of individual involved in some form of misleading information within the financial world. In recent news (November 13, 2013), John Donald Cody, a 66-year-old Harvard-trained attorney who was wanted by the FBI since 1987 he changed his identity and name to Bobby Thompson, authorities said they traced the name Bobby Thompson to a man whose identity was stolen, including his Social Security number and date of birth. He was later identified through his military fingerprint. The Army veteran was charged with racketeering, money laundering, records tampering, theft and identity theft. John Cody claimed he was a Navvy officer, and swindled the United States Navvy Veterans Association, a charity he ran from Tampa, Florida for more than 100 million. Authorities believe the defendant defrauded donors of up to $100 million in 41 states ince 2001, including $2 million in Ohio, on the appearance of helping Navvy veterans. Records show the defendant had showered politicians with political donations . This past Tuesday the Jury reached a verdict of guilty. The duties of the forensics accountant were to investigate the charity and trace by the fund that was donated to see how and where it was used. This case is known for one of the first FEMA fraud cases which came in 2005 the defendant, Daniel Bellegarde, a resident of Homestead, Florida allegedly deceived the Federal Emergency Management Agency of more than $11,000. Bellegarde allegedly filed false claims with FEMA saying that his home and furnishings were damaged by flood waters contaminated by raw sewage. He was among 14 people accused of receiving disaster relief fraud. He was charged with mail fraud, wire fraud and making a false claim, which can land him behind bar for 20 years. Even though Dade County experienced no hurricane conditions when Frances hit land in Martin County, FEMA gave out more than $31 million to almost 13,000 Miami-Dade residents. In total, the indictments allege about $1 50,000 in fraudulent FEMA payments . Bellegarde applied for FEMA funds on Oct. , about a month after Frances brushed by Miami-Dade County causing little damage. A few days later Bellegarde called FEMA; his home was inspected and received a check for $11,198. 90. Later, the Office of the Inspector General for the Department of Homeland Security, which oversees FEMA, began asking questions. Inspectors found no evidence that Bellegardes home had been damaged by the storm, the prosecutor said . Bellegardes little knowledge of English is one of several key issues under dispute in the case. Because his first language is creole the paperwork that he received was written in English and Spanish. They became suspicious of Bellegardes claim of the flooding in the house when they did not notice any stains or water damage in the home. According to the landlord he was never contacted about any complaints of sewage backups or storm damage from the defendant. Late that week he was found not guilty the seven men and five women on the Jury agreed that the government did not prove its case. The importance ofa forensic accountant in this case, were the amount of individual that were involve and the need to inspect, track fund and paper work to truly determine if indeed fraud was a motive from the ones involved in this case. Out of the fourteen people that were indicted and charged with FEMA fraud only 10 pleaded guilty and were later sentenced to probation and ordered to return the money, three are awaiting trail and one Mr. Bellegarde was acquitted. Within the last few years the economy has not been great, which has put many people in a situation to commit different forms of finance fraud, the demand for a quality and skilled professorial forensics accountant has been at all-time high. Forensic accountants are trained in the ins and outs of fraud schemes. Being hired to do Jobs such as investigative work and provide recommendations to lessen the possibility of raud activities from occurring. With the combination of experiences, knowledge, and ethic value will allow for a forensic accountant to perform at advance level. Bibliography Elmore, D. R. (n. d. ). MDD Forensic Accountants . Retrieved 11 17, 2013, from The Role of a Forensic Accountant as an Expert Consultant: http://mdd. com/the-role-of-a- forensic-accountant-as-an-expert-consultant/ Michael Frenza CPA/CFF, C. (2012, 03 12). Blumshapiro. Retrieved 11 17, 2013, from The Forensic Accountant: http:// blumshapiro. com/kbarticle/the-forensic-accountant ONeill, A. W. (2005, 6 16). Sun- Sentinel. Retrieved 11 17, 2013, from 1st Fema Fraud Trial Begins: http://articles. sun- sentinel. om/2005-06-16/news/05061 51 1 52_1 _bellegarde-s-claim-daniel-bellegarde- fema ONeill, A. W. (2005, 6 2005). sun-sentinel. Retrieved 11 17, 2013, from Defendant Not Guilty In Storm Aid Fraud Case: http://articles. sun-sentinel. com/ 2005-06-23/news/0506221459_1 _dantel-bellegarde-fema-jurors PRESS, T. A. (2013, 12 11). The Tampa Tribune . Retrieved 11 17, 2013, from Ohio Jury reaches verdict in fraud case involving Tampa charity: http://tbo. com/ohio-says-it-proved-lo o-million- charity-fraud-at-trial-20131113/

Weather and Season Vocabulary in Chinese

Weather and Season Vocabulary in Chinese Talking about the weather is a great way to start a casual conversation. With these new  vocabulary words, youll be able to ask about the weather and describe seasons in Chinese.  Audio clips  to help with listening comprehension and pronunciation are marked with ââ€" º. Seasons in Chinese As you already know, there are four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Lets learn the Mandarin Chinese names for these seasons. First off, we need to learn how to say season: seasonsââ€" ºjà ¬ jià ©Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(trad) Ã¥ ­ £Ã§ ¯â‚¬(simp) Ã¥ ­ £Ã¨Å â€š Lets move on to season names: springæ˜ ¥Ã¥ ¤ © ââ€" ºchÃ… «n tiÄ nsummerÃ¥ ¤ Ã¥ ¤ © ââ€" ºxi tiÄ nautumnç §â€¹Ã¥ ¤ © ââ€" ºqiÃ… « tiÄ nwinterå† ¬Ã¥ ¤ © ââ€" ºdÃ… ng tiÄ n Weather Vocabulary Now lets get more specific and talk about day-to-day weather. While reading through this vocabulary list, think about how you can apply these new words. What is the weather usually like in ç §â€¹Ã¥ ¤ © (qiÃ… « tiÄ n)? What about  Ã¥ ¤ Ã¥ ¤ © (xi tiÄ n)? What is the weather like for you today? weather(trad) Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ ° £ / (simp) Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€ ââ€" ºtiÄ n qà ¬goodÃ¥ ¥ ½ ââ€" ºhÇŽosunnyæ™ ´Ã¦Å"â€" ââ€" ºqà ­ng lÇŽngovercast(trad) Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã©â€º ²/ (simp) Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¤ ºâ€˜ ââ€" ºduÃ…  yà ºnrainingä ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ¨ ââ€" ºxi yÇ”snowingä ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ª ââ€" ºxi xuÄ›coldå† · ââ€" ºlÄ›nghot(trad) ç† ± /  (simp) çÆ' ­ ââ€" ºrà ¨warmæ º «Ã¦Å¡â€" ââ€" ºwÄ“n nuÇŽncoolæ ¶ ¼Ã§Ë† ½ ââ€" ºling shuÇŽng Sentence Examples About Weather Now that you have a basis in describing the weather, put it to use by incorporating this new vocabulary into a sentence.   Whats the weather like?ââ€" ºtiÄ n qà ¬ zÄ›n me yng?(trad) Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ ° £Ã¦â‚¬Å½Ã© º ¼Ã¦ ¨ £?(simp) Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€Ã¦â‚¬Å½Ã¤ ¹Ë†Ã¦   ·?Its cold.ââ€" ºhÄ›n lÄ›ngÃ¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥â€  ·Its raining.ââ€" ºxi yÇ”ä ¸â€¹Ã©â€º ¨The weathers not good.ââ€" ºtiÄ n qà ¬ bà ¹ hÇŽo(trad) Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ ° £Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½(simp) Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ ¥ ½Its good.ââ€" ºhÄ›n hÇŽoÃ¥ ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¥ ½Its hot.ââ€" ºhÄ›n rà ¨(trad) Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã§â€  ±(simp) Ã¥ ¾Ë†Ã§Æ' ­

Martha Rogers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Martha Rogers - Research Paper Example Delegation becomes necessary to obtain protected outcomes which become possible if the registered nurses can delegate their roles to unlicensed assistant personnel who are capable of providing healthcare directly to the patients. In the process, the registered nurses can retain their accountability as well. However, although the needs and benefits of delegation are studied and known to certain extents, their implementation in actual healthcare is still found to be limited (Anthony and Vidal, 2010). Delegation of responsibility can be achieved safely if the tasks are performed with proper planning and dedication. If the delegation proves to be a failure, then the registered nurses get accountable for any negative outcome on the patient. Thus communication and providing the right direction is highly essential while delegating responsibilities in nursing. Moreover such information needs to be updated followed by continuous evaluation in order to reduce the complexities in the nursing wo rk environments. Another significant factor is the relationship between the registered nurses and the personnel to whom the tasks are delegated. Harmonization, teamwork and mutual aid are extremely essential in order to provide safe delivery of healthcare to the patients (Anthony and Vidal, 2010). ... However the registered nurse has to constantly supervise the tasks even after delegation to achieve improved patient outcomes, as she remains responsible for such outcomes and patient satisfaction. The process and skills of delegation not being easy are in need for proper training and facilities in order to be successful on patient safety (Ruff, 2011). Martha E. Rogers, who was an American nurse, had served her life on nursing, and wrote many papers where she focused on improving the work of nursing in better work environments to improve lives of patients. She, through her writings and journals, presented a nurse as a unitary human being. Resonancy, helicy and integrality are the three concepts that she focused on explain the relation and communication of human beings with their environments. Thus the working environment was considered as highly important for nursing, by Rogers. Her theory was named as the Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB) that was primarily developed to motivat e the existing theories of nursing (Meleis, 2011). Nursing was thus given particular attention by Martha Rogers in regard to the role that nurses have to play in the healthcare environment and the responsibilities that they have to focus on for patient safety and satisfaction. This is important in developing the right path for nursing delegation as well in healthcare. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the above study that the concept of nursing delegation has been in existence since a long time. However the need and importance of delegation has been realized more in the present day healthcare with the healthcare systems and working environments for nurses becoming more and more complex. The nurses having a large number of responsibilities together in

Stress and the Neuroendocrine Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stress and the Neuroendocrine Response - Essay Example Prolonged stress tends to impair the learning and memory ability of individuals, which is as a result of reduction or loss of the hippocampal volume. Chronic stress also impacts on the level of dopamine released, which blunts an individuals capacity for pleasure, and increases anxiety facilitating poor decision making (Amara & Kuhar, 1993). Â  Short-term stress in this article is described as stimulation. Transient and moderate stress that leave individuals feeling good. The effect of short-term stress on the brain is the increased activity of the cells in the hippocampus, the region responsible for learning and memory. Another effect of the stimulation has increased the release of dopamine, the neurotransmitter central to pleasure, hence the feel-good effect. Â  The hippocampus is a small region of the brain that is associated with learning, memory, and spatial navigation. It is placed in the middle of the temporal lobe just below the cortical surface. It is structured into two halves, lying on the right and left sides of the brain and has a curved shape. The hippocampus is associated with the formation of long-term memories and three-dimensional space navigation. The impairment of the region can cause memory loss. Hippocampal neurogenesis shows that production of new cells in the brain follows a procedure. During which, newborn cells have acquiesced to regulatory factors which influence cell proliferation, maturation, and survival. Situational and dispositional factors have the ability to control neurogenesis and impact on the hippocampal reliant learning and memory (Freund & Buzsaki, 1996).

Enid Lee, Incorporating Antiracism Essay Example for Free

Enid Lee, Incorporating Antiracism Essay In â€Å"Taking Multicultural, Antiracist Education Seriously,† Barbara Miner interviews Enid Lee, a â€Å"leader in antiracist education† as noted on her website, Enidlee. com. She pushes for the use of the term ‘antiracist’ because the tem currently in use, ‘multicultural’, is too nice, focusing more on food and fun rather than hard issues of racism. Although her interview is inspiring and very necessary, some facets of her presentation seem to swing to far to the militant side to garner widespread acceptance. First, Lee explains that in many schools, European posters, readings, games and activities dominate the landscape. While I believe this is true in some cases, I do not believe it to be true in all cases. Many, many classrooms in which I have learned, observed and taught have been filled with pictures of prominent white, black, Hispanic and Asian authors, researchers, and political leaders. Lee’s multistage approach to antiracist education is clear and organized and sequentially stepped so as not to seem overly forceful. However, her insistent on the use of ‘antiracist’ is a bit harsh in that it assumes that anything not adopted or previous to this new ideology is racist. That is a huge overgeneralization. It also separates people into groups – the antiracists and everyone else, who, by association, must be racist. I do not think that many public school systems, and certainly no private systems, will purchase curricular materials and send teachers and administrators to antiracist workshops because it implies the worst of these people and materials. Lee can simply not make that kind of generalization. She urges the changes to extend beyond the school. Racism is alive and well in the community, but her approach sends the wrong message: â€Å"We have an antiracist plan to change this racist community. That is the message that people will hear. A less forceful message is much preferable to Lee’s approach. Lee is convincing in her devotion to creating antiracist schools. She urges to push for administrative changes and curricular changes, which she admits are financially blockaded by under-funded school districts. She gives an unsubstantiated claim that multicultural, antiracist programs are the most under-funded, when the removal of arts programs in elementary schools has made the national media several times in the last few years. Finally, after admitting the sad lack of money for programs, she launches on her website, a national push for her own conference called â€Å"Putting Equity on the Table† that costs $1450 for two school officials to attend. This is a three day conference and the rate (which is the early bird rate) does not include the hotel fee at the Hampton Inn in downtown Boston. In addition, the recommended reading resource is entitled Education Children of African Ancestry in the United States of America, Canada, and the United Kingdom. If we are truly talking about an antiracist education, why does our primary conference resource only focus on one race? Nobody will fault Enid Lee and others like her for taking on the cause of equity in education. Clearly the past has shown that steps are necessary. However, Lee’s focus on only African-descended children, on an inflammatory name for her type of education (which, oddly, does not appear on her conference registration information), and on her need to charge exorbitant fees for her conference detract from her credibility and are likely to be off-putting for widespread educators.

Feminism In The Handmaids Tale Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women Criti

Feminism In The Handmaid's Tale      Ã‚  Ã‚   Feminism as we know it began in the mid 1960's as the Women's Liberation Movement. Among its chief tenants is the idea of women's empowerment, the idea that women are capable of doing and should be allowed to do anything men can do. Feminists believe that neither sex is naturally superior. They stand behind the idea that women are inherently just as strong and intelligent as the so-called stronger sex. Many writers have taken up the cause of feminism in their work. One of the most well known writers to deal with feminist themes is Margaret Atwood. Her work is clearly influenced by the movement and many literary critics, as well as Atwood herself, have identified her as a feminist writer. However, one of Atwood's most successful books, The Handmaid's Tale, stands in stark contrast to the ideas of feminism. In fact, the female characters in the novel are portrayed in such a way that they directly conflict with the idea of women's empowerment.    On the surface, The Handmaid's Tale appears to be feminist in nature. The point-of-view character and narrator is a woman and thus we see the world through a woman's eyes. There's much more to the story than that, though. Atwood doesn't show us our world. She shows us a newly created world in which women lack the freedoms that they currently take for granted. This dystopian society is completely controlled by men. Of course, the men have help from the Aunts, a crack team of brainwashers that run the reeducation centers and teach the handmaids how to be slaves. These characters really don't speak well for womankind for two reasons. First of all, it's difficult to tell who their real life counterpart is, assuming that this... ...st writers. It's obvious that Atwood intentionally set herself apart from these writers with The Handmaid's Tale. At times, she seems to disagree with them completely, such as when she shows pornography in a favorable manner. At other times, she portrays feminists themselves as the powerful women they would like to be seen as, but it's always with full disclosure of their human frailty. Atwood never bashes feminism. Instead, she shows both sides of it. Like everything else in the novel, feminism is shown to have good and bad elements. Even in Atwood's brave new world, there is no black and white.    Sources Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid's Tale. New York: Fawcett Crest, 1985. Moore, Pamela, Atwood, Margaret: The Handmaid's Tale. Boston, MS: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Internet www.wsu.edu:8000/~brains/science_fiction/handmaid.html   

Education Sector In Pakistan

The undermentioned subdivision provides an overview of the instruction sector in Pakistan and the development of this sector in context to the growing of the national economic system. Furthermore, this subdivision besides discusses the cardinal issues and jobs confronting the instruction sector with possible growing chances and chief aims of the paper that we seek to accomplish in this paper following the thesis.1.1 An Overview of Educational Profile, Educational inputs and Educational accomplishments in Pakistan.Harmonizing to Tariq Rehman organize the National Institute of Pakistan Studies of the Quaid-e-Azam University, a thorough reappraisal of the system of formal instruction by the experts from the World Bank and other research institutes rendered the colleges here in Pakistan â€Å" substandard, bureaucratic, hapless and inefficient † . A unfavorable judgment every bit rough as this may raise excessively much wonder as to how so many alumnuss of Pakistan, including Engi neers, Doctors etc, with merely a small extra preparation, were able to travel abroad and postulate in the field with those who have had received instruction from relatively advanced institutes. However, it holds rather a burden of truth in it ( Net Industries, 2011 ) . Until the 1990s, a really limited sum of resources were allocated towards the instruction sector in comparative footings. merely 1.1 % of the Gross National Product was constituted the public instruction outgo which increased to 3.4 % by 1990. This addition in the financess allotment appeared rather unfavourable as compared to the defence budget in 1993, which was 33.9 % of the GNP. Throughout the history of Pakistan, at least until the 1990s, comparatively limited resources were allocated to instruction. In 1960, the public outgo on instruction was merely 1.1 per centum of GNP ; by 1990, the figure had risen to 3.4 per centum, though it compared rather unfavourably with outgos on defence, which stood at 33.9 per centum of GNP in 1993 ( Net Industries, 2011 ) . The instruction system in Pakistan is included among the most backward systems in Asia, empowered by the customary feudal and madarassa system. In 2004 the literacy rate was 52 % with male literacy much higher than that of female ( 64 % Vs 39 % ) . With the predominating unfairnesss in instruction with regionally and with regard to gender, the nucleus issue appears to be the relatively high budgets for higher instruction degree than for primary and secondary degrees. The authorities has nevertheless, become cognizant of this state of affairs in the recent old ages and has put in an attempt to take on this job that is confronting the instruction system with respects to the defects in the budget allotment towards the basic degrees of instruction ( EIU, 2005 ) . There are, in Pakistan, about 40 million kids that in the age bracket of 5 to 15 old ages, which is the conventional school traveling age. At Primary level the gross registration rate is 89 % and the dropout rate is 50 % . This implies that that the 18 million kids dropped out of primary degree, of the 36 million kids that are really enrolled. the extra 4 million kids that are deprived of entree to schools do up about 22 million kids of the entire 40 million who should be go toing the school. nevertheless, the instruction system in Pakistan is, unluckily, excessively lacking to provide to the demands of these disadvantages groups ( CEF, 2005 ) .1.2 Structure, Performance and Growth of the Primary Education Sector in Pakistan.The duty of instruction sector lies with the provincial authoritiess. However, this function has been fulfilled throughout the old ages since the origin of Pakistan by the federal authorities, taking through reforms and policies for instruction on national degree and carry oning the necessary research for betterment in this field. Higher instruction degrees like universities, centres for research and excellence have been chiefly drawing resource financess from the federal authorities through a committee known as University Grant Commission. Furthermore all the educational establishments located in the federal district are run by federal disposal. The Ministry of instruction is the caput, under which the federal ministry of instruction operates, and is assisted by the instruction secretary, a senior bureaucratism member. Education secretary appoints instruction curates that administer the provincial instruction sections in charge of the separate divisions of instruction catering to the demands of different degrees of instruction. The states are farther divided into territories and parts with separate governments divided between primary and secondary degree, with primary degree being administered by the territory caput while the secondary degree being administered by the part caput. The Colleges are on the other manus governed by educational board of directors at provincial degree ( Net Industries, 2011 ) . Harmonizing to a study on the National instruction Policy published in 2009, the part of the private sector towards instruction makes up about a 0.5 % of the GDP, which round up to be about 1/6th of the fiscal resources ( OECD, 2007 ) . The construction of Primary, secondary, Higher-Secondary schools, Inter Colleges and universities is dominated by the populace sector accounting for about 64 % of the enrolment rates while the private sector merely contributed a portion of 36 % overall. However, the function of private sector has expanded over the old ages despite the lack reflected in the hapless comparative growing of this sector ( MOE, 2009 ) .The instruction system in Pakistan has been adulterated by series of issues that can be attributed to the educational dualism, connoting the English-Urdu, public-private and urban-rural derived functions. This leads to educational unfairness that provides merely a cabal of pupils with choice instruction while bulk suffers from deficient instruction. These issues are faced at local, territory and national degree and are capable to political and federal concerns. Furthermore betterment in this respect is farther hindered by the corruptness and nepotism, including instructors with doubtful certificates make fulling in at responsible stations through illegal agencies while polluting the whole system. The deficiency of basic installations at schools at local and territory degree adds to the already deteriorating criterions of the instruction system in Pakistan whereas jobs associating to resource allotment and airing of financess have plagues the system at national degree ( CEF, 2005 ) .1.3 Millennium Development Goals: Targets and Accomplishments in Pakistan.For Sustainable Development of Human Resource, the UN member provinces came up with a design of planetary partnership that was adopt ed in 2000 consisting 8 development ends ( Millennium Development Goals ) . The chief ends of this partnership were to eliminate poorness and hungriness, Attain Universal Primary degree Education, Encourage Gender equity and authorising adult females, better wellness status and guarantee a sustainable environment. the effect of inordinate arguments brought about a model of 18 marks and 48 indexs to be incorporated in the examination of each end ‘s advancement ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) . Pakistan adopted 16 marks and 37 indexs to detect the development of the Millennium Development Goals maintaining under consideration the company specific restrictions and resource handiness. Among these ends, one seeks to achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction guaranting betterment in the net registration rate, primary completion rate and literacy rate all over Pakistan without gender favoritism by the twelvemonth 2015. The MDGs besides reach out to authorise adult females and extinguishing gender disparity to all degree of instruction by 2015, which is mensurable by the Gender Parity Index ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) The Net Registration Rate in 2002 was 42 % as opposed to 46 % in 1991, bespeaking a diminution by 4 % in that decennary. This diminution was largely contributed by the turning tendency in population and poorness while the investing in decrease sector by the authorities remained low. Harmonizing to PSLM study ( Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey ) in 2004-05, the net registration rate indicated an betterment demoing a figure of 52 % for the study twelvemonth. A important betterment in this respect was recorded during the past four old ages. The lending factors in this respect included the demand and supply of educational reforms and other targeted plans, which induced an addition in the authorities budget for the instruction sector while heightening the engagement rate by the private sector at the same time ( Government of Pakistan, 2005 ) .1.4 Educational Dualism in Pakistan: A Rural-Urban Divide and Differentials in Investment in Education.For the deficiency of u njust distribution of resources between rural and urban countries, the public presentation and end product generated from both the countries seem to portray the fact obviously through severally induced impacts and the spread. The drawbacks of rural countries start striking out more from secondary degree and worsen with progressive degrees. Surprisingly plenty, for 2005-06 the Gross Enrollment Ratio degree at early childhood instruction degree for rural countries was in fact higher than degree that persisted in urban countries i.e. 93 % in rural countries as compared to 88 % in urban countries. At the primary degree GER in rural countries still exceed the GER degree in Urban countries but the spread was much narrower i.e. 85 % in rural countries as compared to 84 % in Urban countries. From secondary degree and onwards, for 2005-06, the statistics seem to demo the disadvantage being inclined towards the rural side with urban countries holding a GER at 48 % while it GER for rural countries dropped to 22 % and this per centum spread between the two countries has seemingly widened from 20 points in 2001-02 to 26 point 2005-06 ( MOE, 2009 ) . Even more surprisingly, an anomalousness besides exists in the consequences of some steps of efficiency provided by the rural statistics, for illustration, repeat rates for Grade 1 in rural countries ( 3.1 % ) as compared to that in urban country ( 2.25 % ) . And this comparing holds its stance throughout the other classs at primary degree. For class 5, the repeat rate for rural countries was 2.9 % against 2.0 % in urban countries. However, the reign of surpassing the urban country is really limited in the favour of rural countries. The survival rate in urban countries is 94 % while it is merely at a 67 % in the rural scenes ( MOE, 2009 ) . Similarly in footings of investing in instruction or input the statistics show the same favourable result boulder clay primary degree for rural countries but more slope of end product as we proceed on to upper degrees of instruction. The Pupil Teacher Ratio for rural countries is favourable holding 39 students per instructor as compared to the urban countries where ratio persists to 49 students per instructor. However, from secondary degree and onwards, the destinies of the rural-urban public presentation contrary as the result shows a preferred slope towards urban countries holding 12 students per instructor as compared to 18 students per instructor in rural countries ( MOE, 2009 ) . Furthermore, the installations provided in the rural countries are scarce and deficient piece at the disbursal of rural schools, 90 % of urban schools tend to profit from H2O installations while merely 63 % or rural schools enjoy the installation and most of them suffer from hapless installations. sanitation installation provides the rural schools with a similar disadvantage. Where 88 % of urban schools are provided with proper sanitation installation, merely 56 % of the rural schools have this installation at their disposal ( MOE, 2009 ) .1.5 A Review of Educational Policies and Educational Reforms in Pakistan ; Issues, Concerns and Areas of Potential Improvement.Since the origin of the state in 1947, the instruction policies have been coming in series and have been incorporated as that in the National Education Policy 2009. The reappraisal procedure initiated in 2005 for the National Education Policies runing from 1998 to 2010 and the first bill of exchange or papers, which is know n as the ‘White Paper ‘ was finalized in March of 2007. The procedure of reexamining the policies in 2005 before the presently bing model ( 1998-2010 ) was started as a consequence of an induced inspiration to the Ministry of Education from two sensible factors. The first chief ground was that the usher to policy model was rather unsatisfactory, owing to the failure in accomplishment of the coveted educational consequences that were the intended ends of the policy. Performance of instruction sector lacked in the assorted cardinal factors, particularly the entree rates, educational chance equities and in overall quality steps. The 2nd ground that stood out was that new challenges on planetary degree like the Millennium Development Goals and Dakar Education for All ( EFA ) have gathered huge mass in the past old ages and such aggressive demands need to be met with considerable step that need to be taken. Furthermore, globalisation and the attempt of states to accomplish a degree of an educated society or as they call it the â€Å" Knowledge Society † has stimulated the thirst for accomplishing better instruction criterions. Besides the planetary force per unit area that is necessarily faced, the desirable ends of accomplishing economic development and demographic passages on a domestic graduated table have rendered it mandatory to reexamine the policies for the interest of growing in educational quality ( MOE, 2009 ) . The basic intent of these policies is to map out a scheme at national degree for educational development counsel in Pakistan and many of the policy actions that have been sketched out in the have already been put into drama in earlier reforms. These include development prospectus, policy for text edition stuff, losing installations ‘ proviso and other policies implemented on provincial and regional footing. The policy takes these inductions into considerations and structures them in its recommendations ( MOE, 2009 ) . The effectivity of instruction system is greatly affected by the political societal and authorities substructure. To the extent that these factors impact the instruction sector, educational policies can non be formed without taking these factors into consideration. The instruction system is rather brooding of the societal norms and beliefs and militias upon itself rather an impact of these determiners ( MOE, 2009 ) . All the contents of thesis until now may connote that Pakistan has shown advancement on many indexs mensurating the educational efficiency or result, nevertheless, the instruction system in Pakistan besides suffers from two major defects bespeaking an deficient entree to educational gaps and low quality of instruction that is provided. This depresses the criterions of instruction non merely on a local graduated table of comparing between the end product and the national ends but besides on an international degree to a greater extent excessively. The two chief causes responsible for such a loose public presentation of the instruction sector are: ( I ) Commitment spread and ( two ) Implementation spread. the former implies deficiency of committedness towards the educational ends taking to the latter that has frustrated the execution and practicality of policies ( MOE, 2009 ) . Coping with the underlying jobs faced by the educational sector, a demand for an simple alteration in the idea procedure is in line that may impact the educational policies in a coveted manner. This demand of alteration in the though procedure is reflected in the Planning Commission ‘s study ‘Vision 2030 ‘ which negotiations about some major inventions and alterations in the current system of instruction. This practical swing, nevertheless, calls for the demand, which takes into consideration, the public assistance of the pupils and the scholars alternatively of those who plan and implement the policies. Handily plenty, the policy addresses this issue in the signifier of demand for suggestions and action plans the will cover with issues sing the vision, precedences and administration of the sector while besides covering with the jobs faced by single subsectors in an mixture with early childhood instruction at one terminal and grownup acquisition at the other ( MOE, 2009 ) .1.6 Keywords and Definitions.Completion/Survival Rate to Rate 5 Dakar Education for All Dropout Rate Educational Dualism Empowering Womans Gender Disparity Gender Equality Gender Parity Index Gross Enrollment Ratio Gross National Product Human Development Literacy Rate Millennium Development Goals Ministry of Education National Education Policy Net primary registration ratio Public Education Outgo Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey Primary Education Secondary Education Universal Primary Education Vision 20301.7 Study Objectives.Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal2.1 An Overview of Educational Profile in Developed and Developing Countries.Education is the driving force of alteration in the universe. Education ( which is non ever the same as schooling ) brings authorization. Without instruction, people can be capable to maltreatments by the most powerful. For illustration, illiterate provincials can be driven off their land by those who have entree to legal instruments which they can non act upon. A adult female, who does non hold entree to other points of position, may ne'er come to oppugn the arbitrary authorization her hubby has over her. Without instruction, people may be constrained to happen humble occupations that do non carry through them and others will look down on those who perform these occupations. Without instruction, those who are marginalized or oppressed may non hold the resources to denounce the unfairnesss they suffer from and to claim their rights. ( IDRC, 200 9 ) There is an extended empirical literature on returns to education that focuses both on developed and developing states ( Jaffry, Ghulam, & A ; Shah, 2007 ) . Available literatures in developing states compare the returns to academic instruction and vocational instruction ( Nasir & A ; Nazil, 2000 ) , or seek to place the impact of finishing a given schooling rhythm on net incomes ( Appleton, 2001 ) .2.1.1 Educational Spending and Educational Infra-Structure.2.1.2 Educational Inputs and Dualistic Education.The rural-urban divide has been a major country of survey in development economic sciences, concentrating on rural-urban divisions within states, peculiarly with regard to industrialisation ( Kuznets, 1955 ) . In more recent times, surveies on rural-urban issues have focused on economic geographics, and its links to migration, urbanisation, trade and economic growing. While legion surveies have considered the rural-urban educational divide within a individual state, there has been limited research on this issue across states ( Ulubasoglua & A ; Cardak, 2006 ) We find that states with greater resources and those with more effectual channels to apportion these resources have lower RUEI. Such distributional channels seem to be influenced by institutional model such as the legal system within a state, colonial history, and political stableness every bit good as geographical features such as being landlocked and/or a larger state. Specifically, states with legal systems of Gallic beginning ( Gallic legal system ) , on norm, have higher RUEI, while the contrary is true for states with legal systems of British beginning ( British legal system ) . Besides, states with colonial yesteryears in general, and the states with post-war independency in peculiar have higher RUEI. This may be related to the extractive instead than colony nature of settlements deriving independency in the post-war period. In add-on, states with less stable political environments, that are landlocked and those with larger surface countries have higher RUEI, proposing that su ch factors negatively influence effectual allotment of resources between R & A ; U countries, other things being equal. We besides find that RUEI is lower in economic systems with larger formal labour markets and better substructure, while riskier human capital investing and more limited recognition handiness are associated with greater RUEI. The cardinal point is that instruction degrees are determined by the tradeoff between resource usage in the family and formal markets. This is affected non merely by economic development within a state but by differences in development and chances between R & A ; U countries and the manner that nation-wide factors influence both R & A ; U households.9 The undermentioned theoretical statements underpin our empirical analysis of cross-country differences in the ratio and the degrees of R & A ; U schooling old ages ( Ulubasoglua & A ; Cardak, 2006 ) .2.1.3 Educational Outcomes and Achievements.2.2 Indexs of Assessing Educational Quality and Outcomes.Educational Outcome indexs progressively are being used to measure the efficaciousness of American instruction. The growing of indexs of this type has been motivated in big portion by a turning demand to keep schools accountable for their public presentation, defined in footings of results, such as standardised trial tonss, instead than inpu ts, such as instructor makings, category size, and the figure of books in school libraries. Unfortunately, most schools and territories have non developed and implemented public presentation indexs that are wholly suited for this intent. As a consequence, many pedagogues and bookmans fear that these indicator/accountability systems could badly falsify the behaviour of pedagogues and pupils and therefore be worse than holding no indexs at all. It is hence really of import to see the standards that define an acceptable, valid public presentation index system ( Meyer, 1997 ) . Strengthening the quality of instruction has become a planetary docket at all educational degrees and more so at the primary degree. The quality of basic instruction is of import non merely for fixing persons for the subsequent educational degrees but to fit them with the necessity basic life accomplishments. Quality instruction besides ensures increased entree and equality and it is chiefly due to these grounds that assorted international Forums and Declarations have pledged betterments in quality of instruction. National committedness towards quality instruction has become significantly seeable since the late 1880ss. From so onwards, the authorities has experimented a figure of enterprises and intercessions for bettering quality with national and foreign support ( Mirza, 2003 ) . Despite the turning concern about the quality of instruction, its crystallised definition is slightly hard ( Aspin & A ; Chapman, 1994 ) , mostly due to a broad array of stakeholders and consumers along with the complexnesss of teaching-learning procedure which need to be unfolded continuously. Footings like effectivity, efficiency, equity, equality and quality are frequently used interchangeably ( Adams, 1993 ) . Most of the people view quality of instruction as the larning results of pupils which is the primary concern of all stakeholders. But to accomplish the coveted quality the ancestors, that is the input and procedure should besides hold quality in footings of efficiency, effectivity, excellence, and societal justness. The quality instruction end product can be achieved merely if quality is ensured at each degree of the educational procedure from standard scene, larning environment, teacher preparation, teacher-learning procedure, appraisal and monitoring ( Meyer, 1997 ) . The Dakar Framework of Action 2000 defined quality of instruction in footings of recognized and mensurable larning results particularly in literacy, numeracy and indispensable life accomplishments. Article 42 of the Expanded Commentary on the Dakar Framework of Action farther elaborates that ‘a quality instruction is one that satisfies basic larning demands, and enriches the lives of scholars and their overall experience of life ( UNESCO, 2000 ) . The steps to achieve the needed quality were suggested as under: 1. Healthy, good nourished and motivated pupils. 2. Adequate installations and learning stuffs. 3. A relevant course of study. 4. Environment that encourages larning. 5. Clear definition of larning results. 6. Accurate appraisal of larning results. 7. Participatory administration and direction. 8. Prosecuting local communities. The Recife Declaration of the E-9 undertaking reaffirmed about all the above declared ends of instruction. It has besides mentioned the usage of modern engineering in all facets of instruction ( Meyer, 1997 ) .2.3 Educational Policies, Centralization and Decentralization.Several factors that spur instruction reform derive from the region-wide displacement to open economic systems and planetary competition. Two of these factors are particularly of import. The first is the turning centrality of cognition as a production factor. The 2nd is the increasing planetary character of information, communicating, and economic activity. Both these factors are aggressively increasing the demand for instruction. They are set uping a new and compelling economic statement for educational reform. They are besides doing powerful histrions outside educational systems – politicians, concern leaders, development-assistance establishments ( DAIs ) , and civil society more by and large – to press for better schools and a better quality of instruction ( Puryear, 1999 ) . Pakistan took a sweeping attack to decentalisation. It introduced an ambitious program to devolve political and financial cardinal powers to new local authoritiess. A degeneration program was launched by the National Reconstruction Bureau, and during the short period of clip ( 18-month from March 2000 to August 2002 ) , the state created three degrees of new local authoritiess -districts, Tehsils ( urban and rural municipal disposals including metropolis towns ) , and Union Councils. Provincial finance committees have been established in all four states to plan their ain transportation system. While there has been progress in devolving political powers, financial and administrative decentalisation are still dawdling behind. – The financial transportation system from cardinal authorities to local authoritiess needs to be improved ; – Support for the local authoritiess needs to be strengthened ; – The designs of the provincial transportation system need farther betterments peculiarly to guarantee equalisation ; and – Decision-making powers need to be transferred to local authoritiess. – In December 2008, the Prime Minister constituted a commission to revisit the Local Government Ordinance, 2001, in order to take failings and better the Local Government System. ( World Bank, 2011 )2.4 Human Resource Development Policies and Changing Educational Policies.2.5 Regulatory Framework an Educational Reforms in Developing States.2.6 Millennium Development Goals on Education: Target Setting, Compliance and Performance Gaps.2.7 Opportunity Wage, Child Labor and Educational Outcomes.Early child care and pre-school policies have become an of import focal point of the authorities ‘s scheme for bettering the wellbeing of kids, either through the enabling consequence that child care has by leting parents to work or through other more direct effects of early instruction on kids. The purpose of this paper is to cast visible radiation on the inquiry of how effectual early pre-school and schooling are at bettering the wellbeing of kids, and whether any impacts are likely to be durable. In accomplishing this purpose, we add to a good established literature both from the UK and from around the universe ( Goodman & A ; Sianesi, 2005 ) . An estimated 158 million kids aged 5-14 are engaged in child labour – 1 in six kids in the universe. Millions of kids are engaged in risky state of affairss or conditions, such as working in mines, working with chemicals and pesticides in agribusiness or working with unsafe machinery. They are everyplace but unseeable, laboring as domestic retainers in places, laboring behind the walls of workshops, hidden from position in plantations. In Sub-Saharan Africa around one in three kids are engaged in child labor, stand foring 69 million kids. In South Asia, another 44 million are engaged in child labor. The latest national estimations for this index are reported in Table 9 ( Child Protection ) of UNICEF ‘s one-year publication The State of the World ‘s Children. Children life in the poorest families and in rural countries are most likely to be engaged in child labor. Those burdened with family jobs are overpoweringly misss. Millions of misss who work as domestic retainers are particularly vulnerable to development and maltreatment. Labour frequently interferes with kids ‘s instruction. Guaranting that all kids go to school and that their instruction is of good quality are keys topreventing child labor ( UNICEF, 2011 ) . In Pakistan kids aged 5-14 are above 40 million.During the last twelvemonth, the Federal Bureau of Statistics released the consequences of its study funded by ILO ‘s IPEC ( International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour ) . The findings were that 3.8 million kids age group of 5-14 old ages are working in Pakistan out of entire 40 million kids in this age group ; 50 per centum of these economically active kids are in age group of 5 to 9 old ages. Even out of these 3.8 million economically active kids, 2.7 million were claimed to be working in the agribusiness sector. Two million and four hundred 1000 ( 73 % ) of them were said to be male childs. During the twelvemonth 2001 and 2002 the authorities of Pakistan carried out a series of audience of three-party spouses and stakeholders ( Labour Department, trade brotherhoods, employers and NGOs ) in all the states. The aim was to place the businesss and the classs of work, which may be considered as risky under the commissariats of ILO Convention 182 ( Arshad, 2007 ) .MATCHING WITH THE LABOUR MARKETPolicy Actions:1. Courses at the secondary and higher secondary degree shall be reviewed with a position to doing them more relevant to the demands of the labor market in order to better prepare those pupils non traveling on to farther surveies. 2. A survey shall be conducted to measure the impact of proficient matriculation and explore ways of presenting an improved system of proficient and vocational instruction at high school degree.The watercourse shall offer bipartisan nexus with the academic watercourse and besides provide links to a revamped vocational and proficient sector at higher degrees. 3. Approaches shall be found to supply pupils with a window to the universe of work. This could affect short assignments with the local endeavors and establishments or â€Å" occupation shadowing ‘ attacks to familiarize pupils with the work environment. 4. A calling counsel and service shall be introduced at secondary and upper secondary degrees, if non in each school, at least for school bunchs. This shall affect local employers in supplying information about occupation gaps and the nature of work demands. ( MOE, 2009 )Chapter 3: Methodological and Analytic ChoicesChapter 4: Appraisal and Analysis

Mahatma Gandhi Essay

In 1978, James McGregor Burns wrote about the dearth of leadership. â€Å"One of the most universal cravings of our time is a hunger for compelling and creative leadership.† McGregor Burns’ search for â€Å"moral leadership† reveals the tragedy of leadership studies- the confusion of leadership with power. Traditionally, leaders have been defined as those who hold power; allowing presidents, prime ministers and military generals, regardless of their accomplishments, to be considered leaders. Leadership studies have been further detracted from â€Å"moral leadership† because of the confusion of leadership with management. John D. Rockefeller, Henry Ford, and Bill Gates are considered leaders for the economic power they amassed. The confusion of leadership with power and leadership with management has led to a model of leadership that is Machiavellian (manipulative), hierarchical, authoritative, impersonal, elitist, and self-interested. The person I believe to be the greatest leader of the twentieth century exhibited none of the qualities named above. This person held no official political title; he commanded no army and he amassed no great wealth. He did, however, have tremendous influence. This truly exemplary leader derived his power from the conscious citizenry. The leader I am referring to is Mahatma Gandhi. Instrumental in the Indian Independence movement, Gandhi’s influence extended beyond the borders of India to the rest of the world. Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence inspired millions, including the great American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. A simple, pious man, Gandhi identified with and won the hearts of India’s most politically and economically marginalized people. He spent his life fighting to overcome modern forms of enslavement and oppression- caste oppression, religious hatred, gender oppression, and, what he saw as the worst form of violence, poverty. The purpose of this essay is to outline Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence and it’s influence worldwide as well as the strategies and characteristics that made Gandhi successful. Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence involved civil resistance, refusal to comply with unjust laws. He developed this philosophy while living and practicing law in South Africa. Organizing resistance to the notorious and grossly unjust apartheid system, which provoked significant legislative change, Gandhi left an indelible mark on the South African struggle for racial justice. Upon his return to India in 1915, Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence became infused with the struggle for swaraj (self-rule). In India, Gandhi raised his philosophy of non-violence to new levels of sophistication. Gandhi believed that organized non-violent civil resistance, not war, would awaken the consciousness of the British to their unjust domination over India. This was the belief that guided the Bardoili protest, the Amritsar Massacre and the Salt March. Gandhi’s mobilizations were so successful that they tarnished Britain’s international reputation and provoked irreversible change in Britain’s policy towards India, illustrating the potential of organized non-violent civil resistance. Gandhi was an uncompromising opponent of violence. He knew that using violence to fight violence corrupts and debases even the most noble of causes and leaves a legacy of bloodshed. If we look to the revolutionary movements of the twentieth century, we see the truth in Gandhi’s beliefs. The Bolsheviks, Maoists, the Khmer Rouge, the Shining Path, Sein Fein and the Palestinian Liberation Organization all left tremendous bloodshed in the paths towards â€Å"liberation.† They left a legacy of death and violence, rather than peace. Gandhi knew that the only solution to hatred, ignorance and fear was love, truth, and forgiveness. He knew that overcoming unjust hierarchies doesn’t mean inverting them; it means eliminating them altogether. Gandhi and his followers, like those who risked their lives to hide Jews during the Nazi regime, were prepared to die to make injustice visible for the entire world to see. For Gandhi, truth was a powerful weapon, needing no others. Indeed, truth has proven to be the most powerful weapon humanity has even known. One of the strategies that made Gandhi an effective leader was his ability to build bridges between communities, between upper and lower caste Hindus and among Hindus, Muslims and Christians. Gandhi saw the intrinsic humanity of all individuals, regardless of their caste, religion, gender, or social position in society. Deeply upset by communalism (Hindu-Muslim animosity), Gandhi was able to promote religious harmony through his personal and public actions. When this harmony was threatened, he fasted. Gandhi’s tremendous ability to bring an end to provincial and religious hatreds was tested time and time again with the Yeravda Pact and his fasts to end violence in Calcutta, Bengal and Delhi. One of the characteristics that made Gandhi successful was his ability to identify with the poor masses of India. Gandhi’s philosophy of self-rule distinguished itself from the elitism that characterized the Indian Independence movement, as well as virtually all other Independence movements of this century. Gandhi knew that freeing India from the yoke of imperialism also meant freeing the masses from economic servitude. Gandhi was opposed to Independence for only an elite few; he was fearful of an Independent India that would replicate past religious, caste and economic oppressions. Gandhi provided leadership by example. He exhibited the perfect marriage between personal morality and public action. The best example of this was his use of homespun cloth that provided employment for the poor masses and revived the village economy. In a world in which the inequalities generated by a global economy are becoming more obvious and frightening, Gandhi’s critique of technology and economies that benefit the powerful and marginalize the powerless is all too relevant today. The best demonstration of Gandhi’s leadership is his worldwide influence. American civil rights leader, Martin Luther King Jr., the Dalai Lama, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Archbishop Belo of East Timor, and countless other leaders have been deeply influenced by Gandhi and his philosophy of non-violence. For example, in 1994, in a Gandhian spirit of forgiveness and reconciliation, Nelson Mandela reached out to his adversaries- the same ones who had tortured and imprisoned him to bring an end to apartheid rule. Gandhi’s greatest legacy is the notoriety he achieved for advocating non-violence as a means of overcoming oppression. It is this belief that guides the actions of millions of average citizens who participate in civil society movements today across the globe. A tribute to Gandhi’s enduring lifetime achievements will be paid by naming the first decade of the new millenium the United Nations Decade of Non-Violence. No greater tribute has ever been paid to a leader of this century. Inspired and profoundly moved by his life and work, I hope the Decade of Non-Violence will truly awaken the consciousness of humanity into liberating ourselves from all and every kind of oppression; using truth as our only tool.

Nursing and Philosophy

Nursing and Philosophy Positivism has been used in nursing for a long time even though it has some shortcomings. It may have been important during Hempel’s time because there were no better alternatives then. Old methods of treatment have been practiced for quite some time in nursing perhaps because of overdependence in old times views; a case which may not be applicable today. In pathology where specialists use statistics to make an informed decision, the life of a patient may be compromised because of mere numbers which might not be consistent with reality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing and Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a developed world, there are new and better ways of doing things. As a result, people should embrace new ideas and improve the old ones. If more noninvasive devices are supported by the majority to be used on postoperative cardiac patients, then people should completely forget about those that are phasing out because they become irrelevant. Hempel regards some subjective complains from patients with psychiatric disorder as cognitively meaningless. This is because the information cannot be analyzed or verified hence their classification cannot be done properly. Wrong judgment can easily be made or some facts about the patient can be omitted when this happens. Therefore, questions of how positivism will handle this are not clearly answered thus making it even more complicated. Positivism is at times good because it can woks as a backup tool. Nurses should, however, not limit themselves to this because it may compromise the life of a patient. It may seem as though the numbers are more important than the patience in question. The situation in ICU is a relevant example; if more focus in placed on the machines then this means no one gets credible training. Maybe some hidden information can be got by merely taking keen interest on the patient. Discussion 2 Time changes, so must people. It is true that science has transformed and become different from what it was. On the contrary, people still use the same old methods. Kuhn, after his discovery, advices people to try and find out how the scientists come up with the various theories instead of merely following them blindly. People’s views may be different and hence there will be room for challenging those ideas and practices or even making improvement where necessary because ideas evolve. Holding fast to a theory without accepting the reality on the ground can make man slaves. It, therefore, needs some level of faith because people are bound to the old paradigms and as a result they become so rigid to change. Looking at a scientist as a problem solver makes us believe in the methods they use. It makes it even hard to be innovative because we are bound to old beliefs. Kuhn viewed the scientist as puzzle solver and did not look at his way of defining criterion as a methodology. It is true that pro blems are there to test people’s individual ability. This is an indication that everyone can try and find solutions instead of simply leaving it to some known scholars.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kuhn’s revolution can be adopted in nursing science because it provides room for thinking and coming up with new ideas. It was as a result of this thought that George Bananno came out clearly to criticize Elizabeth Kubler Ross’s view on the manner in which those who suffer from losses grieve. Kuhn’s revolution also brought a difference in the way people did things. The methodology of research changed so nurses can today think of better ways of evaluating grief responses. There is, therefore, no need to classify patients without grief as pathological cases. This idea can be better than positivist approach. Discussion 3 Kuhn explains the role of other disciplines in evolution of science and challenges the positivist and empiricist. Unless one understands these disciplines and how they are related to science, it becomes difficult to solve scientific problems and instead focus on puzzle solving. This, however, cannot be achieved when people still hold first to the old views. Rationality is important in decision making but people should have no rational attachment to the working environment because it has an influence in the way they view science hence they cannot embrace its evolution. Bringing a new idea especially in a field that people had already set standards was not easy for Kuhn. His predecessors never shared the same views. Questions regarding history as a discipline and how it affected science could not arise because Kuhn was right about the past and its implication in the present and the future. Some of the diseases, for instance, used to occur more frequently in some seasons and the same pattern may follow today. History, therefore, becomes important in analyzing the information already at the disposal of researchers. Other factors such as psychology of a patient contribute more to his/her information. Conclusion People should not, therefore, always agree with scientists who created structures, hierarchies and models which are not conducive to the 21st century. They should try and articulate these facts with their own opinions. Thanks to Kuhn, a new era has come.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing and Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Ten of the most in demand jobs for 2019

Ten of the most in demand jobs for 2019 As we make our way into 2019, you may be thinking about what your next step is, career-wise. If you’re looking to make some changes, here are some of the hottest and fastest-growing jobs and fields to consider. Medical Services ManagerThe job outlook doesn’t get much hotter than in healthcare right now. And with booms in technology and an aging population, it’s a field that will be growing for decades to come. Medical services managers, also known as healthcare administrators, hold a lot of power and responsibility for the nation’s healthcare. They work in hospitals or other medical facilities and coordinate medical and health services for patients. They provide the infrastructure for medical personnel to work with patients, and may manage a clinic, an entire hospital, or a group of physicians.These managers handle administrative tasks and ensure that medical care follows healthcare laws, regulations, and technology. The demand for medical services managers is expected to grow 20% by 2024, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.What you’ll need: A bachelor’s degree is recommended, an d a background in healthcare is an asset.What they make: The median annual salary is $98,350, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Nursing AssistantWith much of the Baby Boomer population aging and needing advanced medical care, nursing assistants provide valuable boots-on-the-ground services. These aides help provide basic medical care in hospitals or other medical facilities, like nursing homes. Tasks may include helping patients with everyday tasks (like feeding, bathing, or dressing), transporting patients, and preparing patients for treatments or procedures. The demand for nursing assistants is expected to grow 11% by 2024, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.What you’ll need: Completion of a nursing assistant educational or training program, plus passing a certification exam.What they make: The median annual salary is $27,510, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Fitness TrainerOn the everyday end of the health and wellness trend are professionals like fitness trainers. Trainers help people develop and maintain fitness and wellness plans, teach fitness classes, and educate clients on healthy lifestyle choices. The demand for fitness trainers is expected to grow 10% by 2024, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.What you’ll need: A high school diploma or equivalent, plus on-the-job training. Trainers may also need to pass a certification test, depending on your state’s requirements. You should also be in good physical condition.What they make: The median annual salary is $39,210, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Software DeveloperTechnology rules our lives, and the information sector job outlook is growing as well. Software developers are responsible for the design and user experience of various computer programs and systems. The demand for software developers is expected to grow 24% by 2024, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.What you’ll need: Software developers typically have a bachelor’s degree in information technology or a related field.What they make: The median annual salary is $103,560, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.StatisticianStatisticians help manage the data of everyday life and help turn it into meaningful, actionable information. Statisticians can be found in government agencies or private industries, gathering data and using theories and models to predict outcomes and guide decision-making. They typically combine mathematical expertise and technology to wrangle data. The demand for statisticians is expected to grow 33% by 2024, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.What you’ll need: Statisticians typically have a master’s degree in statistics or mathematics, although you may be able to start with a bachelor’s degree in one of these fields.What they make: The median annual salary is $84,760, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Nurse PractitionerNursing is a field where there’s a continuous need for qualified professionals, and nurse practitioners are one of the most in-demand segments of the nursing population. Nurse practitioners are advanced nurses who can provide specialized care, similar to physicians. Nurse practitioners provide primary or secondary care, and in some cases can prescribe medications and treatments. The demand for nurse practitioners is expected to grow 33% by 2024, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.What you’ll need: Nurse practitioners typically have a master’s degree in a nursing specialty, and must also pass a national certification exam, plus meet state licensing requirements. Each state has its own requirements, so be sure to check your own state’s.What they make: The median annual salary is $110,930, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Occupational Therapy AssistantIn occupational therapy, patients work on a prescribed recovery plan to recover from illness or injury, including working on daily skills or physical strength. Therapists and their assistants work directly with these patients, developing and implementing treatment plans as well as physically assisting patients. The demand for occupational therapy assistants is expected to grow 28% by 2024, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.What you’ll need: Occupational therapy assistants typically have an associate’s degree from an accredited occupational therapy assistant program, plus on-the-job training. Individual states may have different licensing requirements, so be sure to check yours.What they make: The median annual salary is $56,690, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Market Research AnalystCompanies rely on customer and market data to make crucial business decisions. This is where market research analysts come in. These professionals take raw data and apply knowledge of the industry, customer base, and other factors to determine trends, pricing, and customer reaction. The demand for market research analysts is expected to grow 23% by 2024, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.What you’ll need: Market research analysts typically have a bachelor’s degree in marketing or economics, although some advanced positions may require a master’s degree. A strong set of math and analytical skills is essential as well.What they make: The median annual salary is $63,230, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Construction LaborerIf you’re looking for a career that’s more hands-on, the construction industry will continue to grow this year. Construction laborers work on building or construction sites, doing physical labor to build or repair. The demand for construction laborers is expected to grow 12% by 2024, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.What you’ll need: There is usually no specific educational requirement for entry-level construction worker jobs, although there is usually an on-the-job training component to develop skills and practice safety. This is also a very physically demanding job, so you should be able to perform heavy physical tasks.What they make: The median annual salary is $33,450, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Medical TechnicianNot all essential healthcare roles are found in doctors’ offices or hospital clinics; some are way behind the scenes. Working in laboratories, medical technicians (also known as medical lab scientists or medical lab technicians) process samples and analyze bodily fluids or other biological materials. The demand for medical technicians is expected to grow 13% by 2024, per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.What you’ll need: Medical technicians typically need an associate’s degree or a certificate from a certified training program, plus completion of a licensing process. Individual states may have different licensing requirements, so be sure to check yours.What they make: The median annual salary is $51,770, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.If 2019 has you itching for a new path in your career, there are lots of growing, thriving industries that could be a fantastic fit for you and your goals.

The Role of Unions in Advancing Equality and Promoting Diversity in Essay

The Role of Unions in Advancing Equality and Promoting Diversity in the Workplace - Essay Example The paper tells that trade union began in Europe and subsequently became popular during the industrial revolution, this is due to the fact that there was the lack of necessary skills required to perform most jobs. This lack of skills moved the bargaining power of employment completely to the employers’ region, thus causing workers to be badly treated and poorly paid. Trade union organizations might be made up of professionals, students, the unemployed, apprentices, past workers and individual workers. Major unions strive to provide the best for the members of the company, this includes job security, positive work environment, ability to strike in the event that certain conditions are not adequately met, and salaries and benefits. Larger unions participate politically so as to be influential in legislation that will benefit the represented companies and employees. This may be seen through unions endorsing leaders who promise to have the issues addressed. Unions do have a substa ntial impact on a compensation and work lives of non-unionized and unionized workers. Unions do raise wages of its unionized workers by roughly 20% and also compensation, including wages and benefits by about 28%. Wage inequality is also reduced by unions due to the fact that unions do raise wages more for low and middle-income workers than for higher-income workers, more for workers in the blue collar industry than for their white-collar counterparts, and more for workers without a college degree, thus reducing the margin between the highly paid workers and those lowly paid. A standard pay is set by strong unions that nonunion employers to follow. For instance, a graduate from high school who is in an un-unionized workplace, but whose industry happens to be 25% unionized is paid around 5% more than a work similar to him working in less unionized industries. Impact of unions upon total nonunion income is to some level as large as that on total union income. Fringe benefits happen to be the most sweeping advantage for unionized laborers.

Career Path Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Career Path - Essay Example They can tell people how to prepare healthy meal and what must be the ingredients in the same.   Those students who are studying at the high school level and are looking forward to pursue a career in nutrition, they can take up courses in biology, chemistry, micro biology, health, mathematics and also communications. This will help them is some way or the other during their perusal of bachelor courses in nutrition. In 2007, there were 281 bachelor degree program and 22 master degree program approved by American Dietetic Association. The minimum qualification required for the same is a bachelor’s degree in dietetics or in food and nutrition or in similar related areas. But among the various states of USA, licensing and certification requirements for the same are different.   License requirements for the nutritionists vary across the different states in USA. Whereas 35 states have made the license requirement mandatory, 12 require statutory certification, while one state requires only their registration. Certification is not compulsory for the nutritionists to practice their profession. The commission on dietetic Registration of the American Dietetic Association awards the Registered Dietitian (RD) credentials, to those professionals who clear the exam after completing the academic stipulation along with the internship. To maintain the RD status, the professionals must complete as least 75 credit hours in approved education classes every 5 years. The internship can be completed in two ways. In the first case, the candidate is required to complete a program accredited by the commission on Dietetic registration. By the year 2007 there were 53 such accredited programs, which provided a combination of academic and practical internship experiences. These prog rams generally last between 4 to 5 years. The other option involves completion of 900 hours of intern experience in any of the 265 accredited internships. If these internships are full time, then they